Identification of morphological and physiological variables associated with yield in oil palm (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.) materials
Publicación:
Revista Palmas; Vol. 21 Núm. especial, (2000); 10-21
0121-2923
Revista Palmas; Vol. 21 Núm. especial, (2000); 10-21
0121-2923
Abstract
The work was developed in Cuernavaca Plantation in the Colombian Eastern Plains, to evaluate six progenies of oil palm, which are part of the germoplasm and segregators owned by Unipalma plantation. The work was carried out during 1999, with the objective of identifying some physiological, morphological and production variables that could be related to productivity. The physiological variables evaluated were : gas exchange (Photosynthesis and transpiration) and for its study an infrared gas analyzer LCA4 (Leaf Chamber Analyzer, ADC. UK. 1997) was used. Some morphologic variables (height, stem diameter and leaf area, among others) were characterized by a growth analysis and yield variables (bunch number and weight) were also evaluated for each palm. The six progenies presented high variability in its rates both photosynthetic and of transpiration , when subjected to different environmental conditions. Some progenies presented high sensibility to the environmental humidity changes as their photosynthetic rate diminished; while others did not show any alterations on their gas exchange rate and showed a more efficient use of the water, important characteristics in a crossbreeding program. The density of stomata was related to the higher photosynthesis rate, because it has a greater real area of gas exchange. The leaf area and the total dry weight show strong differences in the progenies, but its relation with the yield is not very significant; the specific area shows better correlation with the yield, the progeny of higher yield shows greater leaf tissue density, and also offers the greater production of vegetative dry material. The Bunch Index is negatively related to the rate leaf emission, because it depends on light competence. As more leaves exist in the leaf canopy of the palm, the competence grows and yield tends to go down. The progenies of lower yield, even though they have a good quantity of dry vegetative material, presented a low bunch number and weight, on the contrary, one of the progenies of higher yield presented a high bunch number and weight. El trabajo se realizó en la plantación Cuernavaca, en los Llanos Orientales, para evaluar seis progenies de palma de aceite que hacen parte del germoplasma y segregantes que posee la plantación Unipalma. El trabajo se desarrolló durante 1999, con el objetivo de identificar algunas variables fisiológicas, morfológicas y productivas que pudieran estar relacionadas con la productividad. Las variables fisiológicas evaluadas fueron: intercambio de gases (fotosíntesis y transpiración), y para su estudio se utilizó un analizador de gases al infrarrojo LCA4 (Leaf chamber analiser, ADC. U.k. 1997). Las variables morfológicas (altura, diámetro del tallo, área foliar, etc.) se caracterizaron mediante técnicas de análisis de crecimiento, y las variables de rendimiento se estimaron por medio del número y peso de los racimos de cada palma. Las seis progenies presentaron una alta variabilidad en sus tasas tanto fotosintéticas como de transpiración, al ser sometidas a diferentes condiciones ambientales. Algunas progenies presentaron alta sensibilidad a los cambios de humedad del ambiente, pues disminuyeron su tasa fotosintética, mientras que otras no mostraron alteración en la tasa de intercambio de gases y manifestaron un uso más eficiente del agua, características importantes dentro de un programa de cruzamientos. La densidad de estomas se relacionó con las mayores tasas de fotosíntesis, debido a que posee mayor área real de intercambio gaseoso. El área foliar y el peso seco foliar total presentan marcadas diferencias en las progenies, pero su relación con el rendimiento es poco significativa; el área específica muestra mejor correlación con el rendimiento, y la progenie de mayor rendimiento presenta mayor densidad del tejido foliar, además, ofrece la mayor producción de materia seca vegetativa. El índice de racimo se relaciona negativamente con la tasa de emisión de hojas, debido a que depende de la competencia de luz; al existir más hojas en el dosel de la palma, la competencia aumenta y el rendimiento tiende a disminuir. La progenie de menor rendimiento, a pesar de tener buena cantidad de materia seca vegetativa, presentó un bajo número y peso de racimos; por el contrario, una de las progenies de mayor rendimiento presentó un alto número y peso de racimos.
The work was developed in Cuernavaca Plantation in the Colombian Eastern Plains, to evaluate six progenies of oil palm, which are part of the germoplasm and segregators owned by Unipalma plantation. The work was carried out during 1999, with the objective of identifying some physiological, morphological and production variables that could be related to productivity. The physiological variables evaluated were : gas exchange (Photosynthesis and transpiration) and for its study an infrared gas analyzer LCA4 (Leaf Chamber Analyzer, ADC. UK. 1997) was used. Some morphologic variables (height, stem diameter and leaf area, among others) were characterized by a growth analysis and yield variables (bunch number and weight) were also evaluated for each palm. The six progenies presented high variability in its rates both photosynthetic and of transpiration , when subjected to different environmental conditions. Some progenies presented high sensibility to the environmental humidity changes as their photosynthetic rate diminished; while others did not show any alterations on their gas exchange rate and showed a more efficient use of the water, important characteristics in a crossbreeding program. The density of stomata was related to the higher photosynthesis rate, because it has a greater real area of gas exchange. The leaf area and the total dry weight show strong differences in the progenies, but its relation with the yield is not very significant; the specific area shows better correlation with the yield, the progeny of higher yield shows greater leaf tissue density, and also offers the greater production of vegetative dry material. The Bunch Index is negatively related to the rate leaf emission, because it depends on light competence. As more leaves exist in the leaf canopy of the palm, the competence grows and yield tends to go down. The progenies of lower yield, even though they have a good quantity of dry vegetative material, presented a low bunch number and weight, on the contrary, one of the progenies of higher yield presented a high bunch number and weight.
Palabras clave:
palma de aceite
elaeis guineensis
caracteres de rendimiento
características agronómicas
rendimiento
fotosíntesis
progenie
palma de aceite
elaeis guineensis
caracteres de rendimiento
características agronómicas
rendimiento
fotosíntesis
progenie