Microbial biodiversity and use of bacillus thuringiensis towards sustainable oil palm planting.
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Kuala Lumpur : MPOB,
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Microbial populations of culturable and unculturable bacteria and fungi were examined during conversion of jungle into oil palm plantation, under mature oil palm and during second generation or field biodegradation of oil palm trunk. Land preparation including burning temporarily reduced the bacterial population in inland soil at MPOB Keratong. Once oil palm planting commenced bacterial and fungal population increased. With heavy rainfall in August and September 2006, lower reduction in microbial population was recorded under oil palm due to presence of large amount of organic matters or humus. Cultivation of first generation of oil palm at Keratong in March 2006, gave rise to two additional fungal species namely the Trichoderma harzianum and T. koningii. Prior to replanting or degradation, at MPOB Keratong in April-June 2006, population of culturable bacteria was low,1x106 cfu/gm. Shredding of oil palm trunk in July 2006 for second generation oil palm planting steadily increased the population of culturable bacteria from approximately 1x106 cfu/gm soil to 1.51 x1011 cfu/gm soil in six weeks. While, average population of fungi imperfecti increased from 3-5 x103 cfu/g soil to 10-20 folds higher than before replanting. The common fungi imperfecti from soil with the different management practices and jungle were mainly Aspergillus spp., Paecilomyces spp., Penicillium spp., Fusarium spp, Mucor spp., Cunninghamella sp. and Kutilakesopsis sp. While the common culturable bacteria were Bacillus subtilis, B. pumilus, B. mucoides, Streptococcus equi, Rhodococcus rhodochrous, Dermatophilus congolensis and Lactobacillus rhamnosus for gram positive and Klebsiella sp., Helicobacter cinaedi and Haemophilus ducreyi for gram- negative bacteria. The microbial biodiversity could be conserved by reduce use of chemicals. For instances, the extensive use of Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) via aerial spray at Southern Perak not only significantly reduced the use of chemicals but also significant reduced the bagworm outbreak. Integrating the use of Bt and beneficial plants conserved the beneficial insects and many other biological organisms under the oil palm. Good establishment of beneficial plants in Estate A and B had naturally brought considerable control of bagworm to a level that was easily managable as compared to estate C. Poor establishment of beneficial plants in Estatae C with history of extensive aerial spray of chemical resulted in bagworm outbreak to a level that was shocking and difficult to control. Reduce use of chemical via IPM and the use of Bt with beneficial plants helps control bagworm outbreak via conservation of beneficial insects, microbes and other organisms under oil palm. This package of biocontrol, bioprotection or bioconservation is extremely important for today and future agriculture and society.
Incluye referencias bibliográficas.
Microbial populations of culturable and unculturable bacteria and fungi were examined during conversion of jungle into oil palm plantation, under mature oil palm and during second generation or field biodegradation of oil palm trunk. Land preparation including burning temporarily reduced the bacterial population in inland soil at MPOB Keratong. Once oil palm planting commenced bacterial and fungal population increased. With heavy rainfall in August and September 2006, lower reduction in microbial population was recorded under oil palm due to presence of large amount of organic matters or humus. Cultivation of first generation of oil palm at Keratong in March 2006, gave rise to two additional fungal species namely the Trichoderma harzianum and T. koningii. Prior to replanting or degradation, at MPOB Keratong in April-June 2006, population of culturable bacteria was low,1x106 cfu/gm. Shredding of oil palm trunk in July 2006 for second generation oil palm planting steadily increased the population of culturable bacteria from approximately 1x106 cfu/gm soil to 1.51 x1011 cfu/gm soil in six weeks. While, average population of fungi imperfecti increased from 3-5 x103 cfu/g soil to 10-20 folds higher than before replanting. The common fungi imperfecti from soil with the different management practices and jungle were mainly Aspergillus spp., Paecilomyces spp., Penicillium spp., Fusarium spp, Mucor spp., Cunninghamella sp. and Kutilakesopsis sp. While the common culturable bacteria were Bacillus subtilis, B. pumilus, B. mucoides, Streptococcus equi, Rhodococcus rhodochrous, Dermatophilus congolensis and Lactobacillus rhamnosus for gram positive and Klebsiella sp., Helicobacter cinaedi and Haemophilus ducreyi for gram- negative bacteria. The microbial biodiversity could be conserved by reduce use of chemicals. For instances, the extensive use of Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) via aerial spray at Southern Perak not only significantly reduced the use of chemicals but also significant reduced the bagworm outbreak. Integrating the use of Bt and beneficial plants conserved the beneficial insects and many other biological organisms under the oil palm. Good establishment of beneficial plants in Estate A and B had naturally brought considerable control of bagworm to a level that was easily managable as compared to estate C. Poor establishment of beneficial plants in Estatae C with history of extensive aerial spray of chemical resulted in bagworm outbreak to a level that was shocking and difficult to control. Reduce use of chemical via IPM and the use of Bt with beneficial plants helps control bagworm outbreak via conservation of beneficial insects, microbes and other organisms under oil palm. This package of biocontrol, bioprotection or bioconservation is extremely important for today and future agriculture and society.
Incluye referencias bibliográficas.
Microbial populations of culturable and unculturable bacteria and fungi were examined during conversion of jungle into oil palm plantation, under mature oil palm and during second generation or field biodegradation of oil palm trunk. Land preparation including burning temporarily reduced the bacterial population in inland soil at MPOB Keratong. Once oil palm planting commenced bacterial and fungal population increased. With heavy rainfall in August and September 2006, lower reduction in microbial population was recorded under oil palm due to presence of large amount of organic matters or humus. Cultivation of first generation of oil palm at Keratong in March 2006, gave rise to two additional fungal species namely the Trichoderma harzianum and T. koningii. Prior to replanting or degradation, at MPOB Keratong in April-June 2006, population of culturable bacteria was low,1x106 cfu/gm. Shredding of oil palm trunk in July 2006 for second generation oil palm planting steadily increased the population of culturable bacteria from approximately 1x106 cfu/gm soil to 1.51 x1011 cfu/gm soil in six weeks. While, average population of fungi imperfecti increased from 3-5 x103 cfu/g soil to 10-20 folds higher than before replanting. The common fungi imperfecti from soil with the different management practices and jungle were mainly Aspergillus spp., Paecilomyces spp., Penicillium spp., Fusarium spp, Mucor spp., Cunninghamella sp. and Kutilakesopsis sp. While the common culturable bacteria were Bacillus subtilis, B. pumilus, B. mucoides, Streptococcus equi, Rhodococcus rhodochrous, Dermatophilus congolensis and Lactobacillus rhamnosus for gram positive and Klebsiella sp., Helicobacter cinaedi and Haemophilus ducreyi for gram- negative bacteria. The microbial biodiversity could be conserved by reduce use of chemicals. For instances, the extensive use of Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) via aerial spray at Southern Perak not only significantly reduced the use of chemicals but also significant reduced the bagworm outbreak. Integrating the use of Bt and beneficial plants conserved the beneficial insects and many other biological organisms under the oil palm. Good establishment of beneficial plants in Estate A and B had naturally brought considerable control of bagworm to a level that was easily managable as compared to estate C. Poor establishment of beneficial plants in Estatae C with history of extensive aerial spray of chemical resulted in bagworm outbreak to a level that was shocking and difficult to control. Reduce use of chemical via IPM and the use of Bt with beneficial plants helps control bagworm outbreak via conservation of beneficial insects, microbes and other organisms under oil palm. This package of biocontrol, bioprotection or bioconservation is extremely important for today and future agriculture and society.
Palabras clave
Biodiversidad., Sostenibilidad., Palma de aceite