Disease management in tropical perennial crops
Publicación:
Revista Palmas; Vol. 28 Núm. especial, (2007); 326-338
0121-2923
Revista Palmas; Vol. 28 Núm. especial, (2007); 326-338
0121-2923
Abstract
The world?s oldest ecosystems are found in the tropics. They are diverse, highly evolved, but barely understood. Diseases that impact crops in these regions can be significant combating to production, especially when they occur in lowland environments with high rainfall and uniform, warm temperatures; respites from disease pressure are infrequent. Difficulties in managing diseases in the humid tropics are multiplied when the affected crops are perennial. The favorable conditions for disease development that occur in the tropics and the presence of susceptible host tissue over long periods on perennial crops combine to make these serious challenges. Since they impact a preferred means for managing these diseases, host resistance, note is made of coevolved and new encounter pathosystems. Although the pathogens in these systems have relatively narrow host ranges, they are often serious problems. Resistance is often the most effective tool with which these diseases can be managed. Resistance is usually available in coevolved hosts, especially in their centers of origin, but it may be uncommon in new encounter situations. Inadequate host resistance represents a significant barrier to combating many new encounter diseases. Below, scenarios are described that influence the types of and extent to which different diseases develop on tropical perennial crops. Due to the polycyclic nature of these diseases and the corresponding compound interest increase in disease that develops over time, effective and durable management options are needed. Successful disease management recognizes several logical principles. Avoidance, exclusion and eradication of pathogens occur in propagation and production areas. Host plants are protected from pathogens and disease development by mainly chemical and physical means. And host resistance to disease that is developed via various genetic or chemical means is utilized whenever possible. Los ecosistemas más antiguos del mundo se encuentran en los trópicos. Estos son muy diversos, altamente evolucionados, pero poco comprendidos. Las enfermedades que afectan a los cultivos en estas regiones pueden convertirse en factores limitantes de la producción, especialmente cuando se presentan en ambientes de tierras bajas con alta precipitación y temperaturas cálidas y uniformes; es poco frecuente que la presión de la enfermedad brinde un respiro. Las dificultades en el manejo de las enfermedades en los trópicos húmedos se multiplican cuando se trata de cultivos perennes. Las condiciones favorables para el desarrollo de las enfermedades que se presentan en los trópicos, y la presencia en los cultivos perennes de tejido hospedero susceptible durante períodos largos de tiempo, son factores que se combinan para dar mayor importancia a estos retos. Un medio para el manejo de estas enfermedades de alto impacto es la resistencia del hospedero, que incluye la co-evolución y nuevos patosistemas. Aunque los patógenos en estos sistemas tienen un rango relativamente estrecho de hospederos, con frecuencia son un problema serio. A menudo la resistencia es la herramienta más efectiva para el manejo de estas enfermedades. Generalmente, la resistencia está disponible en hospederos co-evolucionados, especialmente en los Centros de origen, pero no son muy comunes en otras situaciones. Una inadecuada resistencia del hospedero representa una barrera significativa en la lucha contra las nuevas enfermedades. Más adelante se presentan escenarios que influyen en los tipos y grados de desarrollo de las diferentes enfermedades en los cultivos tropicales perennes. Debido a la naturaleza policíclica de estas enfermedades y al correspondiente interés en el desarrollo de la enfermedad, se precisa contar con opciones duraderas y efectivas. El manejo exitoso de la enfermedad contempla varios principios lógicos. En las áreas de propagación y producción se utilizan el escape, exclusión y erradicación de los patógenos. Las plantas hospedero están protegidas de los patógenos y del desarrollo de la enfermedad, principalmente por medios químicos y físicos. Cuando sea posible se utiliza la resistencia del hospedero a la enfermedad a través de varios medios genéticos o químicos.
The world?s oldest ecosystems are found in the tropics. They are diverse, highly evolved, but barely understood. Diseases that impact crops in these regions can be significant combating to production, especially when they occur in lowland environments with high rainfall and uniform, warm temperatures; respites from disease pressure are infrequent. Difficulties in managing diseases in the humid tropics are multiplied when the affected crops are perennial. The favorable conditions for disease development that occur in the tropics and the presence of susceptible host tissue over long periods on perennial crops combine to make these serious challenges. Since they impact a preferred means for managing these diseases, host resistance, note is made of coevolved and new encounter pathosystems. Although the pathogens in these systems have relatively narrow host ranges, they are often serious problems. Resistance is often the most effective tool with which these diseases can be managed. Resistance is usually available in coevolved hosts, especially in their centers of origin, but it may be uncommon in new encounter situations. Inadequate host resistance represents a significant barrier to combating many new encounter diseases. Below, scenarios are described that influence the types of and extent to which different diseases develop on tropical perennial crops. Due to the polycyclic nature of these diseases and the corresponding compound interest increase in disease that develops over time, effective and durable management options are needed. Successful disease management recognizes several logical principles. Avoidance, exclusion and eradication of pathogens occur in propagation and production areas. Host plants are protected from pathogens and disease development by mainly chemical and physical means. And host resistance to disease that is developed via various genetic or chemical means is utilized whenever possible.
Palabras clave:
palma de aceite
elaeis guineensis
organismos patógenos
manejo integrado de plagas
fitomejoramiento
control de enfermedades
palma de aceite
elaeis guineensis
organismos patógenos
manejo integrado de plagas
fitomejoramiento
control de enfermedades