Trends in Agri-food Choices for Health since the 1960s: The Case of Fatty Acids
Publicación:
Revista Palmas; Vol. 41 Núm. 2 (2020); 79-97
0121-2923
Revista Palmas; Vol. 41 Núm. 2 (2020); 79-97
0121-2923
Abstract
The FA composition of our diet affects human health: SFAs and n-6 PUFAs in excess are a risk factor for a number of chronic diseases, while n-3 PUFAs have a protective role. These FAs should be considered together, since an excessively high n-6: n-3 ratio is linked to a strong pro-inflammatory effect. We reconstructed the FA composition of the French diet from the 1960s to the present to identify the main reasons for decreases or in- creases due to agriculture, food processing or food choices. From the 1960s to the late 1990s, the diet increased in SFA and n-6 PUFA levels and likely decreased in n-3 PUFA level. Consequently, food behaviors did not follow dietary recommendations. For SFAs, this was due to the sharp increase in cheese and, to a smaller extent, palm oil consumption. For n-6 PUFAs, it was due to the sharp increase in oil consumption, especially linoleic sunflower oil. For n-3 PUFAs, this was due mainly to replacement of grass by maize and soybean meal to ruminants. This trend has reversed since the 2000s: the SFA level decreased due to decreased consumption of palm oil and genetic improvements in pigs and poultry, n-6 PUFA level decreased due to increased consumption of oleic instead of linoleic sunflower oil, and n-3 PUFA level increased due to in- creased consumption of rapeseed oil. These changes are consistent with the FA composition observed in breast milk. Despite these improvements, however, the average dietary composition remains far from the recommen- dations, especially for n-3 PUFAs. We show the potential for improvement by supplementing animal feed with flaxseed and increasing consumption of oleic sunflower and rapeseed oils, at the expense of that of other oils. La composición de ácidos grasos (AG) en la dieta afecta nuestra salud: el exceso de ácidos grasos saturados (AGS) y los ácidos grasos poliinsaturados (AGPI) n-6 son un factor de riesgo para varias enfermedades crónicas, mientras que los AGPI n-3 tienen una función protectora. Estos AG deben considerarse en conjunto, pues una relación excesivamente alta entre n-6 y n-3 está vinculada con un fuerte efecto proinflamatorio. Hemos reconstruido la composición de AG en la dieta de los franceses, desde la década de 1960 hasta hoy, para identificar los principales motivos de las reducciones o aumentos en el contenido de ácidos grasos debido a la agricultura, el procesamiento de alimentos o las elecciones alimentarias. Entre las décadas de 1960 y de 1990, los niveles de AGS y AGPI n-6 en la dieta aumentaron y es probable que los de AGPI n-3 disminuyeran. En consecuencia, los comportamientos alimentarios no siguieron las recomendaciones dietarias. En el caso de los AGS, esto se debió a un fuerte aumento en el consumo de queso y, en menor medida, de aceite de palma. En el caso de los AGPI n-6, se debió a un fuerte aumento en el consumo de aceite, especialmente del linoleico de girasol. En cuanto al AGPI n-3, se debió principalmente a la sustitución de pasto por harina de maíz y soya para alimentar a los rumiantes. Esta tendencia se invirtió a partir de la década del 2000: el nivel de AGS se redujo debido a un menor consumo de aceite de palma y al mejoramiento genético de cerdos y aves de corral; el nivel de AGPI n-6 se redujo debido a un mayor consumo de aceite de girasol oleico en vez de linoleico y el nivel de AGPI n-3 aumentó debido a un mayor consumo de aceite de canola. Estos cambios son consistentes con la composición de AG observada en la leche materna. No obstante, a pesar de estas mejoras, la composición dietaria de ácidos grasos promedio sigue estando muy apartada de las recomendaciones, especialmente para AGPI n-3. Mostramos el potencial para mejorar suplementando la alimentación animal con linaza y aumentando el consumo de aceite de canola y de girasol oleico a expensas de otros aceites.
The FA composition of our diet affects human health: SFAs and n-6 PUFAs in excess are a risk factor for a number of chronic diseases, while n-3 PUFAs have a protective role. These FAs should be considered together, since an excessively high n-6: n-3 ratio is linked to a strong pro-inflammatory effect. We reconstructed the FA composition of the French diet from the 1960s to the present to identify the main reasons for decreases or in- creases due to agriculture, food processing or food choices. From the 1960s to the late 1990s, the diet increased in SFA and n-6 PUFA levels and likely decreased in n-3 PUFA level. Consequently, food behaviors did not follow dietary recommendations. For SFAs, this was due to the sharp increase in cheese and, to a smaller extent, palm oil consumption. For n-6 PUFAs, it was due to the sharp increase in oil consumption, especially linoleic sunflower oil. For n-3 PUFAs, this was due mainly to replacement of grass by maize and soybean meal to ruminants. This trend has reversed since the 2000s: the SFA level decreased due to decreased consumption of palm oil and genetic improvements in pigs and poultry, n-6 PUFA level decreased due to increased consumption of oleic instead of linoleic sunflower oil, and n-3 PUFA level increased due to in- creased consumption of rapeseed oil. These changes are consistent with the FA composition observed in breast milk. Despite these improvements, however, the average dietary composition remains far from the recommen- dations, especially for n-3 PUFAs. We show the potential for improvement by supplementing animal feed with flaxseed and increasing consumption of oleic sunflower and rapeseed oils, at the expense of that of other oils.
Palabras clave:
Dairy products
diet
feed
meat
oil
polyunsaturated fatty acids
saturated fatty acids
aceite
ácidos grasos poliinsaturados
ácidos grasos saturados
alimentación
carne
dieta
productos lácteos
Dairy products
diet
feed
meat
oil
polyunsaturated fatty acids
saturated fatty acids
aceite
ácidos grasos poliinsaturados
ácidos grasos saturados
alimentación
carne
dieta
productos lácteos